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Elderly patients may react to barbiturates with marked excitement, depression, and confusion. In some persons, barbiturates repeatedly produce excitement rather than depression. Dosage should be reduced in the elderly because these patients may be more sensitive to barbiturates.Data are currently not available to evaluate the effect of these barbiturates when forceps delivery or other intervention is necessary. Also, data are not available to determine the effect of these barbiturates on the later growth, development, and functional maturation of the child.
Pediatric use: No adequate well-controlled studies have been conducted in pediatric patients; however, safety and effectiveness of pentobarbital in pediatric patients is supported by numerous studies and case reports cited in the literature. Pediatric dosing information for Nembutal is described in the DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section. Published juvenile animal studies demonstrate that the administration of anesthetic and sedation drugs, such as Pentobarbital Sodium Injection USP, (Nembutal) that either Notizblock NMDA receptors or potentiate the activity of GABA during the period of rapid brain growth or synaptogenesis, results in widespread neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell loss in the developing brain and alterations hinein synaptic morphology and neurogenesis. Based on comparisons across species, the window of vulnerability to these changes is believed to correlate with exposures rein the third trimester of gestation through the first several months of life, but may extend out to approximately 3 years of age rein humans.
Barbiturates can cause fetal damage when administered to a pregnant woman. Retrospective, case-controlled studies have suggested a connection between the maternal consumption of barbiturates and a higher than expected incidence of fetal abnormalities. Following oral or parenteral administration, barbiturates readily cross the placental barrier and are distributed throughout fetal tissues with highest concentrations found hinein the placenta, fetal liver, and brain.
Although not recommended as a routine procedure, hemodialysis may Beryllium used rein severe barbiturate intoxications or if the patient is anuric or rein shock.
Extravascular injection may cause local tissue damage with subsequent necrosis; consequences of intra-arterial injection may vary from transient pain to gangrene of the limb. Any complaint of pain rein the limb warrants stopping the injection.
What is needed is a drug or a mixture of drugs that produce a painless, relatively quick and peaceful passing.
The average daily dose for the barbiturate addict is usually about 1.5 grams. As tolerance to barbiturates develops, the amount needed to maintain the same level of intoxication increases; tolerance to a fatal dosage, however, does not increase more than two-fold. As this occurs, the margin between an intoxicating dosage and fatal dosage becomes smaller.
Hinein patients with hepatic damage, barbiturates should be administered with caution and initially hinein reduced doses. Barbiturates should not be administered to patients showing the premonitory signs of hepatic coma.
No adequate well-controlled studies have been conducted in pediatric patients; however, safety and effectiveness of pentobarbital in pediatric patients is supported by numerous studies and case reports cited in the literature.
The following adverse reactions and their incidence were compiled from surveillance of thousands of hospitalized patients.
In extreme overdose, all electrical activity rein the brain may cease, rein which case a “flat” EEG normally equated with clinical death cannot be accepted. This effect is fully reversible unless hypoxic damage occurs. Consideration should Beryllium given to the possibility of barbiturate intoxication even in situations that appear to involve trauma. Complications such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and renal failure may occur. Uremia may increase CNS sensitivity to barbiturates. Differential diagnosis should include hypoglycemia, head Nembutal Pentobarbital-Natrium online kaufen trauma, cerebrovascular accidents, convulsive states, and diabetic coma. Blood levels from acute overdosage for some barbiturates are listed in Table 1.
Dosage should be reduced hinein the elderly or debilitated because these patients may Beryllium more sensitive to barbiturates. Dosage should Beryllium reduced for patients with impaired renal function or hepatic disease.
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